Advance Search

Molecular study of amoebopore-c gene of entamoebahistolytica isolated from food handlers in Erbil city

Khanda Mohammed Ameen Qader
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.
Hawri Mustafa Bakr
Department of Physiology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.
Keywords:
Copyright and Licensing:

Copyright (c) 2025 Khanda Mohammed Ameen Qader, Hawri Mustafa Bakr (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Share:
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Background and objective: Entamoebahistolytica is a protozoan parasite with high prevalence rates in tropical and subtropical regions of underdeveloped countries. The outcomes of Entamoebahistolytica infection are mostly asymptomatic; only a fraction of those infected develop dysentery and, in rare cases, liver abscesses. Its pathogenicity is due to a huge number of virulence factors. This study investigated the risk of Entamoebahistolytica among food handlers, screening, Sequencing, and phylogenetic tree of Ameobopore-c.

Methods: Total of 563 stool samples were collected from food handlers who visit the central laboratory in Erbil City every year. Wet mount microscopic examination was performed to diagnose the Entamoeba species, molecular analysis was done for positive samples. FavorPrep Stool for DNA Isolation Mini Kit (Favorgen, Taiwan) was utilized. PCR analysis was done targeting the Amoebopore-c gene using one set of primers to amplify the 705 bp fragment. Gel electrophoresis was performed to visualize the amplified DNA under Ultraviolet light. Fifteen random positive samples of the PCR product were sent to Macrogen in South Korea to determine the DNA sequence of the Amoebopore-C gene present in the Entamoebahistolytica.

Results: The study found no statistically significant relationships between infection rates and demographic or socioeconomic characteristics. In fact, that 21 of the 50 microscopic positive cases were also positive by PCR.15 sequences of the amoebapore-C gene revealed that a modification in a single nucleotide leads to a modification in a single amino acid. Alignment of amoebapore C, according to NCBI-BLAST Homology Sequence, showed the following identity percentages to samples from different countries: India (99.4%), the USA (99.18% and 99.7%), Iraq (99.38%), and Hamburg (99.84%)

Conclusion: PCR is a highly sensitive method for detecting Entamoebahistolytica. The Entamoebahistolytica isolates showed high homology in amoebapore-C gene sequences compared to global strains.

PDF
PDF

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  1. Morán P, Serrano-Vázquez A, Rojas-Velázquez L, González E, Pérez-Juárez H, Hernández EG, et al. Amoebiasis: advances in diagnosis, treatment, immunology features and the interaction with the intestinal ecosystem. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(14):11755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411755
  2. El-Dib NA. Entamoebahistolytica: an Overview. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2017; 4:11-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-017-0100-z
  3. Ben Ayed L, Sabbahi S. Entamoebahistolytica. In: Bartram J, editor. Global Water Pathogens project. E Lansing (MI):Michigan State University; 2017. https://doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.34
  4. Naiyer S, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Advances in Entamoebahistolytica biology through transcriptomic analysis. Front Microbiol. 2019; 10:1921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01921
  5. Reitano E, De’Angelis N, Gavriilidis P, Gaiani F, Memeo R, Inchingolo R, et al. Oral bacterial microbiota in digestive cancer patients: a systematic review. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(12):2585. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122585
  6. Yanagawa Y, Singh U. Diversity and plasticity of virulent characteristics of Entamoebahistolytica. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023; 8(5):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050255
  7. Al-Abodi HRJ, Al-Mayali HMH, Ali MJ. Molecular study to most important virulence factor of Entamoebahistolytica in Diwaniyah province. IJAR. 2015; 3(8):231-6. https://www.journalijar.com/article/5577/molecular-study-to-most-important-virulence-factor-of--Entamoeba-histolytica--in-diwaniyah-province/
  8. Sharif M, Daryani A, Kia E, Rezaei F, Nasiri M, Nasrolahei M. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers of Sari, Northern Iran. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2015; 57(2):139-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652015000200007
  9. Shirley D-AT, Watanabe K, Moonah S. Significance of amebiasis: 10 reasons why neglecting amebiasis might come back to bite us in the gut. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(11):e0007744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007744
  10. Saber HF, Bakr HM. Molecular detection of glutamate dehydrogenase gene of Giardia lamblia isolated from food handlers in Erbil city. Zanco J Med Sci. 2021; 25(1):431-7. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2021.004
  11. Kasırga E. The importance of stool tests in diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal disorders in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Arşivi. 2019; 54(3):141. https://doi.org/10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2018.00483
  12. Lazar LTY, Al-Juboury SA, Maaroof MN. Molecular detection of the ability of Biosynthesized Titanium dioxide nanoparticles to curing some genes of virulence factors of Entamoebahistolytica. BSJ. 2024; 21(3):850-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7205
  13. Carrero JC, Reyes-Lopez M, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M, Unzueta J, Leon-Sicairos N, et al. Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries. Int J Med Microbiol. 2020; 310(1):151358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358
  14. Al-Kaeebi SRA, Al-Difaie RSS.Conventional PCR for detecting AP and PLA virulence factors of Entamoebahistolytica in patients stool samples in Al-Qadisiyah Province. JWSM. 2016; 8(4):102-110. https://doi.org/10.31185/jwsm.300
  15. Ma’moun A, Al-Shakhsheer F, Al-Ababneh MM. Restaurant employees’ food handling practices in Irbid City, Jordan. J Tour Hosp Manag. 2017; 5(1):81-9. https://doi.org/10.15640/jthm.v5n1a9
  16. Mohammed FF. Study of the infection rate of Entamoebahistolytica in children in some reference laboratories in Almarj, Libya. Green Libyan Journal. 2017; 69:4258. https://doi.org/10.37376/glj.vi69.4258
  17. Al-Hilfy AA-u, Al-Malak MK,J Al-Tomah MA. A prevalence study of Entamoeba spp. in Basrah Province using different detection methods. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18(4):1163-1170. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4.1163
  18. Mahmood SAF, Bakr HM. Molecular identification and prevalence of Entamoebahistolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii in Erbil City, northern Iraq. Pol J Microbiol. 2020; 69(3):263. https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-028
  19. Hussein SR. Prevalence of Diarrhea Caused by Intestinal Parasites in Children in AL-Kufa City, Iraq. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2022; 89(1):4723-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2022.260585
  20. Hasan HK, Eassa SH, Khalid HM. Prevalence of EntamoebaHistolytica and Giardia Lamblia in Children Visiting to Heevi Pediatric Hospital in Dohuk City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. JMCHEMSCI. 2023; 10(9):123-30. https://doi.org/10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2023.10.4
  21. Hasan HK, Mero WMS, Mohammed AB. Prevalence of amoebiasis and associated risk factors among population in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The J Infect Dev Ctries. 2023; 17(4):542-9. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17478
  22. Al-Damerchi ATN, Al-Ebrahimi HN. Detection of major virulence factor of Entamoebahistolytica by using PCR technique. Al-Qadisiyah Med J. 2016; 12(21):36-45. https://doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2016.12.21.36
  23. Al-Murshidi AA-K, Hatif E, Al-Hamairy AK, Khudhair HM. Molecular Study of Virulence Factors (Cysteine Protease-1 and Amoebapore-C) for Entamoebahistolytica in Babylon Province. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2021; 15(2):1200-6. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14560
  24. Saidin S, Othman N, Noordin R. Update on laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019; 38:15-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3379-3
  25. Mohamed RA, Ahmed NA, Mohsin IH. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic positioning of Entamoebahistolytica isolates from stool samples of patients from few Hospitals at Diyala governorate. ANSF. 2024; 16(2). https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5557
  26. Basaly Y, Mohamed Y, Mahmoud A, ELossily N. Evaluation of multiplex PCR assay against microscopy in diagnosing Entamoebahistolytica in stool samples at Assiut Governorate Hospitals, Egypt. Parasitologists United Journal. 2024; 17(3):205-10. https://doi.org/10.21608/puj.2024.27416.1004
  27. Shakir M. Evaluation of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of three diarrhea causing intestinal protozoa. IJAR. 2015; 5:783-6. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar
  28. Tian J, McFarland CD, Woodard J. Structural understanding of the functional consequences of missense mutation. Front Genet. 2023; 14: 1325326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1325326
How to Cite
Mohammed Ameen Qader, K. ., & Mustafa Bakr, H. (2025). Molecular study of amoebopore-c gene of entamoebahistolytica isolated from food handlers in Erbil city. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences (Zanco J Med Sci), 29(3), 658–670. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2025.071

Send mail to Author

Send Cancel