Advance Search

Frequency of reported cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Kurdistan region/Iraq

Jagar Omar Doski
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.
Ahmed Mazin Alabbasi
Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Iraq.
Keywords:
Copyright and Licensing:

Copyright (c) 2025 Jagar Omar Doski, Ahmed Mazin Alabbasi (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Share:
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Background and objectives: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) incidence and prevalence varies with ethnicity and geographic location. In Iraq, especially in the Kurdistan Region, this information is not yet clear. This study aimed to find the total number of reported DDH cases and to estimate the incidence and prevalence.

Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from three governmental places of national sources of database (child disabilities centers, General Directory of Health, and General Directory of Statistics) in the three governments of Kurdistan Region/Iraq (Erbil, Sulaymania, and Duhok). The data included: the number of reported cases of DDH, live births, and population for each year and each government separately. The incidence was calculated by dividing the number of DDH cases per 1000 live births for each year, and prevalence by dividing all the cases of DDH per 1000 of population for each year. Then the average (mean) incidence and prevalence of each government was calculated. Finally, the average (mean) incidence and prevalence for the whole region (the three governments together) were calculated.

Results: The required data from the determined sources were available for the last 25 years (1998-2022). The total number of reported cases of DDH during this period was 44972 cases. The average incidence of DDH cases in Kurdistan Region/Iraq was 18.2 cases per 1000 live births per year, the highest -22.9- in the Duhok government and the lowest -13.8- in the Erbil government. The average prevalence of DDH cases among the population in the region was 4.65 per 1000 in the last 25 years (the highest -8.93- in the Duhok government, and the lowest -2.35- in the Sulaymania government).

Conclusion: The incidence of DDH cases in the Kurdistan region in the last 25 years was 18.2 cases per 1000 live births per year and the prevalence was 4.65 cases per 1000 of the population. The highest incidence and prevalence were reported in the Duhok government.

PDF
PDF

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  1. Noordin S, Umer M, Hafeez K, Nawaz H. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2010; 2(2):e19. doi:10.4081/or.2010.e19
  2. Kotlarsky P, Haber R, Bialik V, Eidelman M. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: What has changed in the last 20 years?. World J Orthop. 2015; 6(11):886-901. doi:10.5312/wjo.v6.i11.886
  3. Yang S, Zusman N, Lieberman E, Goldstein RY. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics. 2019; 143(1):e20181147. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-1147
  4. Swarup I, Penny CL, Dodwell ER. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: an update on diagnosis and management from birth to 6 months. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018; 30(1):84-92. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000574
  5. Gulati V, Eseonu K, Sayani J, Ismail N, Uzoigwe C, Choudhury MZ, et al. Developmental dysplasia of the hip in the newborn: A systematic review. World J Orthop. 2013; 4(2):32-41. doi:10.5312/wjo.v4.i2.32
  6. de Hundt M, Vlemmix F, Bais JM, Hutton EK, de Groot CJ, Mol BW, et al. Risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012; 165(1):8-17. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.06.030
  7. Harsanyi S, Zamborsky R, Krajciova L, Kokavec M, Danisovic L. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Review of Etiopathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Genetic Aspects. Medicina. 2020; 56(4):153. doi:10.3390/medicina56040153
  8. Naeem urRazaq M, Younas M, Awan AS, Waqas M, Alam MI, ullah Khan I. Risk factors leading to developmental complications after open reduction in developmental dysplasia of hip. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2016; 28(1):26-8.
  9. Tao Z, Wang J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Yan X, Yang J, et al. Prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2023; 7(1):e002080. doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002080
  10. Woodacre T, Ball T, Cox P. Epidemiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip within the UK: refining the risk factors. J Child Orthop. 2016; 10(6):633-42. doi:10.1007/s11832-016-0798-5
  11. Loder RT, Skopelja EN. The epidemiology and demographics of hip dysplasia. ISRN Orthop. 2011; 2011:238607. doi:10.5402/2011/238607
  12. Gettys FK, De La Rocha A, Ramo BA. Incidence and Risk Factors for Concurrent Syndromic Diagnosis in Presumed Idiopathic Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2022; 6(6):e21.00169. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00169
  13. Broadhurst C, Rhodes AML, Harper P, Perry DC, Clarke NMP, Aarvold A. What is the incidence of late detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip in England?: a 26-year national study of children diagnosed after the age of one. Bone Joint J. 2019; 101-B(3):281-7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.101B3.BJJ-2018-1331.R1
  14. Tian FD, Zhao DW, Wang W, et al. Prevalence of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Chinese Adults: A Cross-sectional Survey. Chin Med J (Engl). 2017; 130(11):1261-8. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.206357
  15. Judd J, Aarvold A, Clarke NMP. Ethnicity as a confounding factor for the incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2017; 102(5):477. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-312667
  16. Pollet V, Percy V, Prior HJ. Relative Risk and Incidence for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. J Pediatr. 2017; 181:202-207. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.017
  17. Goiano EO, Akkari M, Pupin JP, Santili C. The epidemiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip in males. Acta Ortop Bras. 2020; 28(1):26-30. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220202801215936
  18. Al-Mendalawi MD, Moosa NK, Kumar PT, Mahmoodi SM. Incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Dubai. Saudi Med J. 2010; 31(1):94; author reply 94. PMID: 20062910.
  19. Alrashdi N, Alotaibi M, Alharthi M, Kashoo F, Alanazi S, Alanazi A, et al. Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Treatment for Children with Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Saudi Arabia. A Systematic Review. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s44197-024-00217-5. PMID: 38483754.
  20. Gharedaghi M, Mohammadzadeh A, Zandi B. Comparison of clinical and sonographic prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Acta Med Iran. 2011; 49(1):25-7.
  21. Çekiç B, Erdem-Toslak İ, Sertkaya Ö, Filiz S, Kılar Y, Köroğlu M, et al. Incidence and follow-up outcomes of developmental hip dysplasia of newborns in the Western Mediterranean Region. Turk J Pediatr. 2015; 57(4):353-8.
  22. Olsen J, Christensen K, Murray J, Ekbom A. An Introduction to Epidemiology for Health Professionals. New York: Springer; 2010. 3-13.
  23. Zomar BO, Mulpuri K, Schaeffer EK. Examining the Short-Term Natural History of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infancy: A Systematic Review. Indian J Orthop. 2021; 55(6):1372-87. doi:10.1007/s43465-021-00510-6
  24. Sakkers R, Pollet V. The natural history of abnormal ultrasound findings in hips of infants under six months of age. J Child Orthop. 2018; 12(4):302-7. doi:10.1302/1863-2548.12.180056
  25. Vaidya S, Aroojis A, Mehta R. Developmental Dysplasia of Hip and Post-natal Positioning: Role of Swaddling and Baby-Wearing. Indian J Orthop. 2021; 55(6):1410-16. doi: 10.1007/s43465-021-00513-3
  26. Mulpuri K, Schaeffer EK, Andrade J, Sankar WN, Williams N, Matheney TH, et al. What Risk Factors and Characteristics Are Associated With Late-presenting Dislocations of the Hip in Infants?. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016; 474(5):1131-7. doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4668-0
  27. Kurdpeople. The Editors of Encyclopaedia, 2024. (Accessed June 3, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurd).
How to Cite
Doski, J. O., & Mazin Alabbasi, A. (2025). Frequency of reported cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Kurdistan region/Iraq. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences (Zanco J Med Sci), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2025.044

Send mail to Author

Send Cancel