Risk factors of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy among a sample of patients in Erbil City
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Articles
- Submited: January 7, 2019
-
Published: December 31, 2018
Abstract
Background and objectives: Although a lot of studies suggested the predisposition of many risk factors, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy was considered for a long time to be idiopathic. This study aimed to assess the relationship between different factors and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy among a sample of patients in Erbil city.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Erbil city, Iraq from 2008 to 2011. A total of 36 cases of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and 36 controls with other visual problems were included.
Results: Eight percent of patients in this study had one or more risk factors (P = 0.001), in particular hypertension and diabetes were shown to have a significant relationship (P = 0.046 and 0.001, respectively). The absence of physiological cup over the optic disc has crucial importance both independently (P = 0.001) and in association with diabetes (P = 0.001). Old age and male gender were significant factors in relation to co-morbidities (P = 0.001 and 0.038, respectively).
Conclusion: The study had concluded that hypertension, diabetes, age, male gender and absent physiological cup over the optic disc were important risk factors for anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Metrics
References
- Sethi H, Menon V, Saxena R. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). DJO 2004; 10:4.
- Hauser S, Josephson S, Harrisonʹs Neurology in Clinical Medicine. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw Hill Medical; 2013.
- Lee MS, Grossman D, Arnold AC, Sloan FA. Incidence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: increased risk among diabetic patients. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:959–63.
- Kanki J, Bowling B, Nischal K, Pearson A. Clinical Ophthalmology a Systematic Approach. 7th ed. UK: Elsevier; 2011.
- Atkins E, Bruce B, Newman N, Biousse V. Treatment of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55(1):47–63.
- Ropper A, Samuels M. Adams and Vectorʹs Principles of Neurology. 9th ed. USA McGraw Hill Medical; 2009.
- Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1981; 38:675.
- Yanoff M, Duker J. Ophthalmology. 4th ed. UK: Elsevier; 2013.
- Johnson LN, Arnold AC. Incidence of nonarteritic and arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Population-based study in the state of Missouri and Los Angeles County, California. J Neuroophthalmol 1994; 14(1):38–44.
- Kerr NM, Chew SS, Danesh-Meyer HV. Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: a review and update. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16(8):994–1000.
- Liew SC, Mitchell P. Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a patient with optic disc drusen. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1999; 27(2):157–60.
- Purvin V, King R, Kawasaki A, Yee R. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in eyes with optic disc drusen. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122(1):48–53.
- Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: refractive error and its relationship to cup/disc ratio. Ophthalmology 2008; 115(12):2275–81.
- Monteiro M. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a comparison of the optic disc area of patients with the arteritic and non-arteritic forms of the disease and that of normal controls. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2006; 69(6):805–10.
- Kuppersmith MJ, Frohman L, Sanderson M. Aspirin reduces the incidence of second eye NAION: a retrospective study. J Neuroophthalmol 1997; 17(4):250–3.
- Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: time of onset of visual loss. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124 (5):641–7.
- Landau K, Winterkorn JM, Mailloux LU, Vetter W, Napolitano B. 24-Hour blood pressure monitoring in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114(5):570–5.