Risk factors of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy among a sample of patients in Erbil City

Mutaz F. Hummadi; Ahmed Kareem Joma; Eman Hussein Alwan

doi:10.15218/zjms.2018.040

Authors

Mutaz F. Hummadi Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
Ahmed Kareem Joma Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
Eman Hussein Alwan Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2018.040

Keywords:

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, Giant cell arteritis, Non arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Abstract

Background and objectives: Although a lot of studies suggested the predisposition of many risk factors, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy was considered for a long time to be idiopathic. This study aimed to assess the relationship between different factors and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy among a sample of patients in Erbil city.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Erbil city, Iraq from 2008 to 2011. A total of 36 cases of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and 36 controls with other visual problems were included.

Results: Eight percent of patients in this study had one or more risk factors (P = 0.001), in particular hypertension and diabetes were shown to have a significant relationship (P = 0.046 and 0.001, respectively). The absence of physiological cup over the optic disc has crucial importance both independently (P = 0.001) and in association with diabetes (P = 0.001). Old age and male gender were significant factors in relation to co-morbidities (P = 0.001 and 0.038, respectively).

Conclusion: The study had concluded that hypertension, diabetes, age, male gender and absent physiological cup over the optic disc were important risk factors for anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Sethi H, Menon V, Saxena R. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). DJO 2004; 10:4.

Hauser S, Josephson S, Harrisonʹs Neurology in Clinical Medicine. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw Hill Medical; 2013.

Lee MS, Grossman D, Arnold AC, Sloan FA. Incidence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: increased risk among diabetic patients. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:959–63.

Kanki J, Bowling B, Nischal K, Pearson A. Clinical Ophthalmology a Systematic Approach. 7th ed. UK: Elsevier; 2011.

Atkins E, Bruce B, Newman N, Biousse V. Treatment of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55(1):47–63.

Ropper A, Samuels M. Adams and Vectorʹs Principles of Neurology. 9th ed. USA McGraw Hill Medical; 2009.

Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1981; 38:675.

Yanoff M, Duker J. Ophthalmology. 4th ed. UK: Elsevier; 2013.

Johnson LN, Arnold AC. Incidence of nonarteritic and arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Population-based study in the state of Missouri and Los Angeles County, California. J Neuroophthalmol 1994; 14(1):38–44.

Kerr NM, Chew SS, Danesh-Meyer HV. Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: a review and update. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16(8):994–1000.

Liew SC, Mitchell P. Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a patient with optic disc drusen. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1999; 27(2):157–60.

Purvin V, King R, Kawasaki A, Yee R. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in eyes with optic disc drusen. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122(1):48–53.

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: refractive error and its relationship to cup/disc ratio. Ophthalmology 2008; 115(12):2275–81.

Monteiro M. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a comparison of the optic disc area of patients with the arteritic and non-arteritic forms of the disease and that of normal controls. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2006; 69(6):805–10.

Kuppersmith MJ, Frohman L, Sanderson M. Aspirin reduces the incidence of second eye NAION: a retrospective study. J Neuroophthalmol 1997; 17(4):250–3.

Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: time of onset of visual loss. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124 (5):641–7.

Landau K, Winterkorn JM, Mailloux LU, Vetter W, Napolitano B. 24-Hour blood pressure monitoring in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114(5):570–5.