Patterns of Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking in Erbil City, Iraq. A Household Survey

Kareem Jamal Hamad; Namir  Ghanim Al-Tawil

doi:10.15218/zjms.2024.30

Authors

Kareem Jamal Hamad Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq.
Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-0057

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2024.30

Keywords:

Pattern, Cigarettes, Waterpipe, Smoking, Survey

Abstract

Background and objective: Globally, tobacco use is one of the most serious public health concerns and preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, expected to reach annually more than 8 million deaths by the year 2030. In light of this estimation and limited surveillance of smoking, this study aimed to identify the tobacco use trends and patterns in various forms in Erbil city.

Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional household survey was carried out from September 2021 through June 2022, on a sample of 2601 respondents selected through a multi‐stage cluster sampling method in Erbil city. A specially designed questionnaire through direct interviews was used to collect socio-demographic and smoking-related data.

Results: The prevalence of current daily smoking was 44.3%, occasional smoking was 14.5%, Ex-smoking was 8.0%, and those who never smoked before 33.2%.The prevalence of cigarette, and waterpipe smoking was 37.2%, and 46.5%respectively. More than half (51.0%) had tried to quit smoking at least once in their life, while 11.9% succeeded to quit. The main reason behind quitting was anticipated health risks (97.3%). The prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among those aged 20-29 years, single, males, college education, those having skilled manual /non-manual occupations, those who have smoker friends, and from a middle socioeconomic level

Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking (current daily and occasional) was more than half and about one-third never smoked before. More than half had tried to quit smoking at least once in their life but (11.9%) succeeded to quit due to anticipate health risks and family pressure.

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Author Biography

Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil , Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.

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